课程 → Level 10 · 动词与补语 → 课 3
Level 10 · Lesson 3 形容词作谓语
Adjectives as predicates
形容词不用“是”就能做谓语,可是单说“他高”像在比较,所以平常要加“很”。
A Chinese adjective is a predicate on its own — no 是 — but a bare one sounds like a comparison, which is why 很 is there.
你已经会了 · You already know this
第一级你就说“我很好”,第三级你说“这本书很贵”,第四级你说“天气冷了”,第五级你说“他比我高”。四句里都有形容词,可是没有一句用“是”:你从来没说过“我是好”,也没说过“这本书是贵”。还有一件事你也一直照做——单说“他高”,听的人会等着你说下半句;说“他很高”,句子才算完。这一课把这两条习惯讲清楚。
Since level 1 you have said 我很好; since level 3, 这本书很贵; since level 4, 天气冷了; since level 5, 他比我高. Every one has an adjective and not one has 是 — you have never said 我是好 or 这本书是贵. And one more habit you keep without knowing it: say only 他高 and your listener waits for the other half; say 他很高 and the sentence is finished. This lesson explains both.
规则 · The rules
这是汉语跟英语最不一样的地方之一。英语的形容词自己站不住,一定要靠一个动词;汉语的形容词自己就是谓语,跟动词一样能带“了”,也能用“不”否定。第九级说过,名词加不上“很”;动作动词也加不上,不说“很走”“很买”。能加“很”的是形容词,还有“喜欢、想、爱”这样表示心理的动词。
This is one of the deepest differences between Chinese and English. An English adjective cannot stand alone and must lean on a verb; a Chinese adjective is the predicate itself, taking 了 like a verb and negating with 不. Level 9 showed you that nouns refuse 很. Action verbs refuse it too — 很走 and 很买 are not Chinese. What 很 does accept is adjectives, plus mental verbs such as 喜欢, 想 and 爱.
所以“他很高”翻译成英语,多半不是“非常高”,只是“高”。这个“很”读得轻,不重读;真要说程度大,就得重读它,或者换成“非常、太、最”。这就是为什么“他比我很高”是错的——比较句已经在比了,不需要这个“很”。
So 他很高 usually translates as 'he is tall', not 'he is very tall'. That 很 is read light and unstressed; for real degree you stress it or reach for 非常, 太, 最. This is also why 他比我很高 is wrong — a 比 sentence is already a comparison and has no room for the balancing 很.
加了“不”,那个平衡用的“很”就不用了:说“他不高”,不说“他不很高”。这跟第四级的“不/没”分工完全一致:“不”管性质和意愿,“没”管有没有发生。
Once 不 is there the balancing 很 drops out: 他不高, not 他不很高. This lines up exactly with the 不/没 split from level 4 — 不 for qualities and intentions, 没 for whether something has happened.
状态形容词是这样来的:把两个字各说两遍(干干净净、高高兴兴),或者在前边加一个字(雪白、通红),或者后边带上“的”(红红的、慢慢的)。它们描写的是眼前的一个样子,程度已经在词里了。做谓语的时候常常要带“的”:屋子干干净净的。
State adjectives are built in three ways: by saying each character twice (干干净净, 高高兴兴), by prefixing an intensifying character (雪白, 通红), or by trailing 的 (红红的, 慢慢的). Each paints one scene in front of you, degree included. As predicates they usually keep that 的: 屋子干干净净的.
一步一步 · Step by step
- 他高。 — 语法没错,可是听着像还没说完
- 他高,我矮。 — 两句一对,这就是它等着的下半句
- 他很高。 — 加“很”,句子站住了;“很”读得轻,意思只是“高”
- 他不高。 — 否定用“不”,这时候“很”就去掉了
- 干净 — 性质形容词——说明一种性质
- 很干净 — 程度词加得上,所以它是性质形容词
- 干干净净 — 两个字各说两遍,成了状态形容词
- 很干干净净(错) — 程度已经在词里边,加不上了
- 屋子打扫得干干净净的。 — 状态形容词常常这样用,末尾带“的”