课程Level 10 · 动词与补语 → 课 3

Level 10 · Lesson 3

形容词作谓语
Adjectives as predicates

形容词不用“是”就能做谓语,可是单说“他高”像在比较,所以平常要加“很”。

A Chinese adjective is a predicate on its own — no 是 — but a bare one sounds like a comparison, which is why 很 is there.

你已经会了 · You already know this

第一级你就说“我很好”,第三级你说“这本书很贵”,第四级你说“天气冷了”,第五级你说“他比我高”。四句里都有形容词,可是没有一句用“是”:你从来没说过“我是好”,也没说过“这本书是贵”。还有一件事你也一直照做——单说“他高”,听的人会等着你说下半句;说“他很高”,句子才算完。这一课把这两条习惯讲清楚。

Since level 1 you have said 我很好; since level 3, 这本书很贵; since level 4, 天气冷了; since level 5, 他比我高. Every one has an adjective and not one has 是 — you have never said 我是好 or 这本书是贵. And one more habit you keep without knowing it: say only 他高 and your listener waits for the other half; say 他很高 and the sentence is finished. This lesson explains both.

规则 · The rules

形容词能直接做谓语,前边不用“是”。
规则 1
他很高。/这本书很贵。(不说“他是高”)
An adjective can head a predicate by itself. English needs 'is'; Chinese does not.

这是汉语跟英语最不一样的地方之一。英语的形容词自己站不住,一定要靠一个动词;汉语的形容词自己就是谓语,跟动词一样能带“了”,也能用“不”否定。第九级说过,名词加不上“很”;动作动词也加不上,不说“很走”“很买”。能加“很”的是形容词,还有“喜欢、想、爱”这样表示心理的动词。

This is one of the deepest differences between Chinese and English. An English adjective cannot stand alone and must lean on a verb; a Chinese adjective is the predicate itself, taking 了 like a verb and negating with 不. Level 9 showed you that nouns refuse 很. Action verbs refuse it too — 很走 and 很买 are not Chinese. What 很 does accept is adjectives, plus mental verbs such as 喜欢, 想 and 爱.

形容词单独做谓语的时候,听起来像在比较,所以前边一般要加“很”。
规则 2
他高。(像要说“我矮”)/他很高。(说完了)
A bare adjective predicate implies a contrast — 'he's the tall one'. 很 closes the sentence off.

所以“他很高”翻译成英语,多半不是“非常高”,只是“高”。这个“很”读得轻,不重读;真要说程度大,就得重读它,或者换成“非常、太、最”。这就是为什么“他比我很高”是错的——比较句已经在比了,不需要这个“很”。

So 他很高 usually translates as 'he is tall', not 'he is very tall'. That 很 is read light and unstressed; for real degree you stress it or reach for 非常, 太, 最. This is also why 他比我很高 is wrong — a 比 sentence is already a comparison and has no room for the balancing 很.

形容词说性质时用“不”否定;说变化还没发生时才用“没”。
规则 3
他不高。/天还没黑。
不 denies the quality; 没 denies that a change has taken place yet.

加了“不”,那个平衡用的“很”就不用了:说“他不高”,不说“他不很高”。这跟第四级的“不/没”分工完全一致:“不”管性质和意愿,“没”管有没有发生。

Once 不 is there the balancing 很 drops out: 他不高, not 他不很高. This lines up exactly with the 不/没 split from level 4 — 不 for qualities and intentions, 没 for whether something has happened.

性质形容词能加“很”;状态形容词自己已经带着程度,不能再加。
规则 4
很干净(对)/很干干净净(错)
干净 states a quality and takes a degree word; 干干净净 already contains the degree, so it turns 很 away.

状态形容词是这样来的:把两个字各说两遍(干干净净、高高兴兴),或者在前边加一个字(雪白、通红),或者后边带上“的”(红红的、慢慢的)。它们描写的是眼前的一个样子,程度已经在词里了。做谓语的时候常常要带“的”:屋子干干净净的。

State adjectives are built in three ways: by saying each character twice (干干净净, 高高兴兴), by prefixing an intensifying character (雪白, 通红), or by trailing 的 (红红的, 慢慢的). Each paints one scene in front of you, degree included. As predicates they usually keep that 的: 屋子干干净净的.

一步一步 · Step by step

从“他高”到“他很高”
  1. 他高。 — 语法没错,可是听着像还没说完
  2. 他高,我矮。 — 两句一对,这就是它等着的下半句
  3. 他很高。 — 加“很”,句子站住了;“很”读得轻,意思只是“高”
  4. 他不高。 — 否定用“不”,这时候“很”就去掉了
从“干净”到“干干净净”
  1. 干净 — 性质形容词——说明一种性质
  2. 很干净 — 程度词加得上,所以它是性质形容词
  3. 干干净净 — 两个字各说两遍,成了状态形容词
  4. 很干干净净(错) — 程度已经在词里边,加不上了
  5. 屋子打扫得干干净净的。 — 状态形容词常常这样用,末尾带“的”

练习 · Practice

下面哪一句最自然? Which sentence is the natural one?
“他很高”里的“很”是什么意思? What does the 很 in 他很高 actually mean?
“红红的”“雪白”“干干净净”都是______形容词。 What class of adjective are these?
形容词和它的类 Match each word to its class.
排一排。 Arrange: 'This book is expensive, that one is cheap.'