及物和不及物
Transitive and intransitive

“我看书”“我喜欢中国菜”，动词后边都跟着一样东西。可是“我休息”“他迟到了”后边什么也不跟，你从来没说过“我休息他”。第四级你还学过“给我一杯茶”“老师教我们汉语”，这两句更特别：动词后边一下子跟了两样。最有意思的是“见面”——你说“我跟他见面”，不说“我见面他”，而且没有人告诉过你为什么。这一课就把这几种动词分开。

In 我看书 and 我喜欢中国菜 the verb is followed by a thing. In 我休息 and 他迟到了 nothing follows at all, and you have never once said 我休息他. Level 4 gave you 给我一杯茶 and 老师教我们汉语, where two things follow the verb. Strangest of all is 见面: you say 我跟他见面 and never 我见面他, and nobody ever explained why. This lesson sorts those verbs out.

这条分别不看意思，只看用法。“休息”明明是一件事，可是它后边站不住任何东西。汉语的不及物动词不算多：休息、迟到、生气、着急、出发、旅行都是。碰到不及物动词，想说到别的人或者东西，就得用介词把它提到动词前边。

The split is about behaviour, not meaning. 休息 clearly names an event, yet nothing can stand behind it. Chinese has a fairly small stock of intransitives — 休息, 迟到, 生气, 着急, 出发, 旅行. When you need to bring another person or thing into such a sentence, a preposition carries it in front of the verb instead.

“支配”是语法书的说法，意思是：这个宾语是靠这个动词才站在这儿的。位置就是全部的标记。所以顺序一动，意思就跟着动：“我找他”和“他找我”，六个字里有五个一样，意思正好相反。

支配 is the grammarian's word for it: the object is there because that verb puts it there. Position is the only marking there is. Move the order and the meaning moves with it — 我找他 and 他找我 share five of their six characters and mean opposite things.

这一类动词都在说“把东西交给人”：给、送、教、告诉、还、借。两个宾语的顺序不能换，因为汉语靠位置分工，换了位置就没法认了。注意“教”在这儿读 jiāo，不读 jiào。

These verbs all describe handing something over: 给, 送, 教, 告诉, 还, 借. The two objects cannot swap places, because position is the only thing telling them apart. Note the reading: 教 here is jiāo, to teach — not jiào.

第四级你就照这个规则说过“我跟他见面”“我帮他的忙”“睡了三个小时的觉”。现在原因清楚了：“面、忙、觉、婚”本来就是宾语。所以这类词整体上是不及物的，人要用“跟、给”这样的介词提到前边。这类词还有一个名字，本级最后几课再说。

You have obeyed this since level 4: 我跟他见面, 我帮他的忙, 睡了三个小时的觉. Now you can see why — 面, 忙, 觉, 婚 were objects all along. As wholes these words behave intransitively, and any person involved is carried in front by 跟 or 给. They have a name of their own, which the last lessons of this level will give you.