汉语之路Spoken Mandarin → 现代汉语语法

课程 → Level 10 · 动词与补语 → 课 4

Level 10 · Lesson 4

副词
Adverbs

副词站在主语后边、谓语前边，说明时间、程度、范围或者否定，自己不能单独成句。

Adverbs sit after the subject and before the predicate, adding time, degree, scope or negation — and they never stand alone.

你已经会了 · You already know this

“我也去”“学生都来了”“我已经写完了”“他就走”“你才来”——这些词你说了几十次了。它们有一个共同的地方：永远站在动词前边，而且永远在主语后边。你说“我也去”，没说过“也我去”。还有“很”和“不”：“很好”“不去”，位置也一样。第九级说过，副词站在实词和虚词中间，第十级再细说——就是这一课。

我也去, 学生都来了, 我已经写完了, 他就走, 你才来 — you have said these dozens of times. They share one habit: the little word always stands in front of the verb and always behind the subject. You say 我也去 and never 也我去. 很 and 不 do the same: 很好, 不去. Level 9 left the adverb standing between the content words and the function words, promising level 10 would settle it. This is that lesson.

规则 · The rules

副词修饰动词或者形容词，给它加上时间、程度、范围或者否定的意思。
规则 1
已经走了／很高／都来了／不去。
An adverb never modifies a noun. It works on a verb or an adjective, and on nothing else.

这一条马上就能用来分类：能加在名词前边的是“的”那一路，不是副词。所以“我的书”里的“我”不是副词，“很书”根本不成话。副词只往谓语上加东西。

You can sort with this immediately: whatever goes in front of a noun belongs to the 的 family, not here. The 我 of 我的书 is no adverb, and 很书 is not Chinese at all. An adverb adds only to a predicate.

副词的位置在主语后边、谓语前边。
规则 2
我也去。（不说“也我去”）
Subject, then adverb, then predicate. The adverb cannot jump in front of the subject.

别把副词跟时间名词弄混。“昨天、明天、去年”是名词，能站在主语前边：明天我去，我明天去，两个都行。副词不行：只能说“我已经去了”，不能说“已经我去了”。

Do not confuse adverbs with time nouns. 昨天, 明天, 去年 are nouns and may precede the subject — both 明天我去 and 我明天去 are fine. Adverbs may not: only 我已经去了, never 已经我去了.

副词一般不能单独回答问题，也不能做主语或者宾语。
规则 3
问“谁来了”，能答“老师”，不能答“都”。
This is why the adverb sits on the fence: it has meaning, yet it cannot stand up alone the way a content word can.

所以有的语法书把副词归到实词，有的归到虚词，两边都说得通。多数现代汉语的书按“意思还看得出来”这一点，把它放在实词的最后一类。你只要记住它的用法就够了：靠着谓语，永远不离开。

Hence the disagreement: some grammars file adverbs with the content words, some with the function words, and both can defend it. Most 现代汉语 textbooks note that an adverb still carries visible meaning and list it last among the content classes. What you need is the behaviour: it leans on the predicate and never leaves it.

常用的副词分成时间副词、程度副词、范围副词和否定副词。
规则 4
已经、就、才、常常／很、非常、更、最／都、只、一共／不、没、别。
Four working sub-classes, all built from words you already use.

这四类的名字都好懂：说时候的是时间副词，说程度的是程度副词，说“全不全”的是范围副词，说“是不是”的是否定副词。一句里可以有好几个，顺序也有讲究——一般范围在前，时间跟上，程度离动词最近：学生都已经很累了。

The names give themselves away: time adverbs say when, degree adverbs say how much, scope adverbs say how many, negative adverbs say whether at all. Several can stack in one sentence, and they stack in an order — scope first, time next, degree closest to the verb: 学生都已经很累了.

否定副词分工：“不”管习惯、将来和意愿，“没”管已经发生没发生。
规则 5
我不吃肉。／我昨天没去。（“有”的否定只能是“没有”）
不 denies a habit, a plan or a will; 没 denies that an event took place — and 没有 is the only negative 有 ever takes.

这条分工从第四级到现在没有变过：“我不吃肉”说的是习惯，“我昨天没去”说的是事情没发生。有两点要特别小心：“有”的否定只能是“没有”，别的说法都不成立；“没”跟动词后边的“了”不能同时用，说“他没去”，不说“他没去了”。至于“别”，那是不让人做某件事，是“不要”的口语说法。

This division has not shifted since level 4: 我不吃肉 reports a habit, 我昨天没去 reports that nothing happened. Two traps are worth marking. The negative of 有 is only ever 没有, and no other form exists. And 没 cannot share a clause with the post-verbal 了 — 他没去, never 他没去了. As for 别, it forbids an action, and it is the spoken equivalent of 不要.

一步一步 · Step by step

一层一层加副词
  1. 学生来了。 — 主语＋谓语，还没有副词
  2. 学生都来了。 — 范围副词“都”插在主语和动词中间
  3. 学生都已经来了。 — 时间副词“已经”跟在“都”后边
  4. 都学生已经来了。（错） — 副词跑到主语前边就不成话了
“他不去”和“他没去”
  1. 他去。 — 没有记号，说的是习惯或者将来
  2. 他不去。 — 用“不”——他不打算去
  3. 他去了。 — 事情已经发生
  4. 他没去。 — 用“没”——事情没发生；“了”同时去掉
  5. 他没去了。（错） — “没”和动词后边的“了”不能同时出现

练习 · Practice

下面哪一句对？ Which sentence is correct?
他昨天______来。 Yesterday he did not come. Which negative?
“明天”和“已经”，哪一个能站在主语前边？ Which one may precede the subject?
“不”和“没”都是______副词。 What sub-class do 不 and 没 belong to?
副词和它的小类 Match each adverb to its sub-class.