课程 → Level 12 · 句法与文体 → 课 3
Level 12 · Lesson 3 存现句和判断句
Existential and identity sentences
处所在前、无定的名词在后,这是存现句;“是”管判断,“有”管领有和存在。
Place first and an indefinite noun last is how Chinese says something is there; 是 states identity, 有 states possession and existence.
你已经会了 · You already know this
第三级你就会说“桌子上有一本书”,第四级会说“墙上挂着一张画”,第一级会说“他是老师”。这三句话回答的是三个不同的问题:有没有、摆着什么、是什么。汉语用三种句式分这三件事,靠的还是语序。
You have been saying 桌子上有一本书 since level 3, 墙上挂着一张画 since level 4, and 他是老师 since level 1. The three answer three different questions: is there any, what is sitting there, what is it. Chinese keeps them apart with three patterns — and once again it is word order doing the keeping.
规则 · The rules
“存”说的是东西摆在那儿,动词后边多半带“着”:墙上挂着一张画,门口站着两个人。“现”说的是出现或者消失,动词后边带“了”:前边来了一个人,我们班走了一个同学。处所词一定要完整——是“桌子上”,不是“桌子”,第九级的方位词不能少。
The 存 half is about something resting there, and the verb usually carries 着: 墙上挂着一张画, 门口站着两个人. The 现 half is about appearing or vanishing, and the verb carries 了: 前边来了一个人, 我们班走了一个同学. The place phrase must be complete — 桌子上, never bare 桌子; the localizer from level 9 cannot be dropped.
存现句的用处就是把一样新东西介绍给听话的人,所以那个名词一定带数量短语:一本书、两个人、一张画。这个“了”说的是出现,不是过去——“明天班里来了新同学,我就告诉你”,一样用“了”。
The job of an existential sentence is to introduce something new to the listener, so its noun almost always carries a number-plus-classifier phrase: 一本书, 两个人, 一张画. And its 了 reports appearance, not pastness: 明天班里来了新同学,我就告诉你 is about tomorrow.
所以一件事有两种说法,用哪一种由听话的人知道多少决定。他不知道有这么一本书,你说“桌子上有一本书”;他正在找那本书,你说“那本书在桌子上”。反过来说“一本书在桌子上”就很别扭,因为“一本书”是新的,新的东西不该做主语。
One fact, two sentences, and what decides between them is how much the listener already knows. If he has no idea the book exists, say 桌子上有一本书. If he is hunting for that very book, say 那本书在桌子上. Turn it around into 一本书在桌子上 and it grates, because 一本书 is new information and new information makes a poor subject.
“是”用在名词跟名词之间。形容词做谓语不用“是”——说“他很忙”,不说“他是忙”,这一条你第一级就学过了。“是”的否定永远是“不是”,汉语没有“没是”这种说法。
是 links a noun to a noun. An adjective predicate takes no 是 — 他很忙, never 他是忙, as you learned in level 1. And 是 is negated with 不 only: 不是. 没是 does not exist.
“有”是一个特别的动词:不管说的是什么时候,否定都用“没有”,永远不用“不”。它的正反问是“有没有”。领有的时候人在前边——我有一本书;存在的时候处所在前边——桌子上有一本书。一个词两种用法,靠位置分开。
有 is a verb apart: whatever the time frame, it is negated with 没有 and never with 不, and its A-not-A question is 有没有. For possession the person comes first (我有一本书); for existence the place comes first (桌子上有一本书). One word, two jobs, kept apart by position.
一步一步 · Step by step
- 书 — 中心语,一个名词
- 一本书 — 数量短语在前,无定——正合存现句的要求
- 放着一本书 — 动词带“着”,说出东西摆在那儿的样子
- 桌子上放着一本书。 — 处所词放到最前边,存现句完成
- 桌子上有一本书。 — 有字句:只说存在
- 桌子上放着一本书。 — 存现句:还说出它是怎么摆着的
- 那本书在桌子上。 — 东西已知:它做主语,用“在”
- 桌子上的那本书是我的。 — 是字句:判断这本书属于谁