汉语之路Spoken Mandarin → 现代汉语语法

课程 → Level 11 · 虚词与句式 → 课 8

Level 11 · Lesson 8

把字句
The ba-construction

“把”把有定的宾语提到动词前边，让动词后边专门说这个东西怎么样了。

把 moves a definite object in front of the verb so the predicate can say what became of it.

你已经会了 · You already know this

“把书放好”“把门关上”“把钱给他”“我没把书带来”——这些句子第五级就说过了。今天给它一个名字：把字句。它的做法是先把宾语提到动词前边，再用动词后边的成分说清楚这个东西最后怎么样了。

把书放好, 把门关上, 把钱给他, 我没把书带来 — you have been saying these since level 5. Today they get a name: the 把字句. Its method is to move the object in front of the verb, and then let what follows the verb say exactly how that thing ended up.

规则 · The rules

把字句的格式是：主语＋把＋宾语＋动词＋其他成分。
规则 1
我把门关上了。
The object leaves its usual seat after the verb and moves in front of it, escorted by 把.

为什么要这样绕一下？因为普通的“我关门”只说做了什么，把字句说的是“门怎么样了”——这层意思，语法书叫处置。宾语提到前边，动词后边就空出位置来，专门放结果。

Why take the detour? Because plain 我关门 only reports what was done, while the 把 sentence reports what became of the door. Grammars call this 处置, disposal. Once the object moves forward, the slot after the verb is empty — and it is reserved for the result.

“把”后边的宾语一定是有定的，是说话人和听话人都知道的那一个。
规则 2
把那本书拿走。（不说“把一本书拿走”）
You can only dispose of something already identified: the book, that book, my book — not just any book.

汉语没有冠词，“有定”靠三样东西：指示词（这本、那本）、领属（我的、你的），还有上下文。前边刚说过的东西，后边直接说“把书放好”就行，因为大家都知道是哪一本。

Chinese has no articles, so definiteness rests on three things: demonstratives (这本, 那本), possessors (我的, 你的), and context. Once a thing has been mentioned, a bare 把书放好 is enough — everyone knows which book.

动词后边一定要带别的成分，不能光是一个动词。
规则 3
把书放好、把门关上、把汉字写了、把房间打扫打扫；不说“把书放”。
This is the 强制 rule, the requirement that makes 把 sentences hard: a complement, a 了, or reduplication must follow the verb.

道理还是那一条：把字句要说的是“怎么样了”，所以动词后边非有个交代不可。补语（放好、关上、拿走）、“了”（写了）、动词重叠（打扫打扫）都算交代。这个要求是强制的，不能省：光秃秃一个动词，话就没说完。

The reason is the same one: a 把 sentence exists to say how the thing ended up, so something must follow the verb to say it. A complement (放好, 关上, 拿走), a 了 (写了), or reduplication (打扫打扫) all count. The requirement is 强制 — compulsory, not a stylistic option: a bare verb leaves the sentence hanging.

否定词和能愿动词放在“把”前边，不放在“把”后边。
规则 4
我没把书带来。／你应该把窗户关上。
没, 不, 别 and the modals 要, 想, 应该, 能 all stand in front of 把 — never between 把 and the verb.

有些动词天生没有处置的意思，就用不了把字句：是、有、知道、喜欢、来、去。“把他喜欢”根本不成话。反过来，动作能在东西上留下结果的动词，差不多都能进把字句：放、关、拿、写、洗、送。

Some verbs have no disposal in them at all and simply refuse 把: 是, 有, 知道, 喜欢, 来, 去. 把他喜欢 is not Chinese at all. Verbs whose action leaves a mark on the thing, on the other hand — 放, 关, 拿, 写, 洗, 送 — take 把 readily.

一步一步 · Step by step

从“我关门”到“我把门关上了”
  1. 我关门。 — 普通的动宾句，只说做了什么
  2. 我把门关。（错） — 动词后边空着，把字句不成立
  3. 我把门关上。 — 加结果补语“上”，句子站住了
  4. 我把门关上了。 — 再加“了”，说明处置已经实现
否定和能愿动词放哪儿
  1. 我把书带来了。 — 肯定式
  2. 我没把书带来。 — 事情没发生用“没”，“没”在“把”前边，“了”去掉
  3. 我把书没带来。（错） — 否定词不能挤到“把”后边
  4. 你应该把书带来。 — 能愿动词也站在“把”前边

练习 · Practice

哪一句对？ Which sentence is correct?
昨天的书我忘了——哪一句对？ 'I didn't bring the book.' Which sentence?
哪个动词不能用把字句？ Which verb cannot take 把?
请你把窗户关______。 Please shut the window.
排一排。 Arrange: 'He took that book away.'