课程 → Level 10 · 动词与补语 → 课 15
Level 10 · Lesson 15 重叠和离合词
Reduplication and separable verbs
动词说两遍,事情就变短变轻;离合词本来就是动词加宾语,所以能从中间拆开。
Double a verb and the action turns brief and light; a 离合词 is already verb-plus-object, so it splits down the middle.
你已经会了 · You already know this
第四级你就说过“你等一等”“我看看天气”“你休息休息吧”,也说过“我们几点见面?”“你能帮我一个忙吗?”“我睡了三个小时的觉”。前三句里动词说了两遍,后三句里一个词从中间被拆开了。这两件事看着不相干,其实都来自同一个事实:汉语的词很短,短到可以整个儿再说一遍,也短到里边还看得见一个动词加一个宾语。
From level 4 you have said 你等一等, 我看看天气, 你休息休息吧 — and also 我们几点见面? 你能帮我一个忙吗? 我睡了三个小时的觉. In the first three the verb is said twice; in the last three a word is pulled apart down the middle. The two habits look unrelated but come from one fact: Chinese words are short — short enough to repeat whole, and short enough that a verb and an object are still visible inside.
规则 · The rules
重叠出来的第二个音节念轻声:kànkan、shìshi、xiūxi xiūxi;A一A当中的“一”也念轻声:kàn yi kàn、děng yi děng。事情已经发生了,就把“了”插在当中:看了看、等了等。要注意的是,双音节动词只能ABAB,不能AABB——“休休息息”不是词。“一下”做的是同一件事:看一下、等一下,只是更口语一点儿。
The repeated syllable goes neutral, and so does the 一 of A一A. If the event already happened, slot 了 into the middle: 看了看, 等了等. Watch the shape: a two-syllable verb only does ABAB, never AABB. 一下 does the same softening job, a shade more colloquial.
本级第三课说过性质形容词和状态形容词的分别。重叠正是把性质变成状态的办法:“红”只是一种颜色,“红红的”是眼前看得见的样子。所以形容词重叠跟动词重叠方向相反:动词重叠让事情变轻,形容词重叠让描写变重。两个都叫重叠,可不是一回事。
Lesson 3 of this level split adjectives into 性质 and 状态. Reduplication is exactly how you turn one into the other: 红 names a colour, 红红的 shows you one. So the two reduplications pull opposite ways — verbs get lighter, descriptions get heavier. Same name, different job.
为什么“我见面他”不行?因为“面”已经占住了宾语的位置,后边再来一个人,没地方站。汉语的办法有两个:一是用介词把人带进来,说“我跟他见面”;二是把人插到词的当中去,说“我帮他的忙”“我请他的客”。哪一个词走哪一条路,跟着例子一起记。“结婚”也是这样:说“他跟她结婚了”,不说“他结婚她”。
Why is 我见面他 impossible? Because 面 already fills the object slot, and a second person has nowhere to stand. Chinese has two ways out: bring the person in with a preposition (我跟他见面), or slot the person inside the word itself (我帮他的忙, 我请他的客). Which verb takes which route is learned along with the example. 结婚 goes the first way: 他跟她结婚了, never 他结婚她.
这一条把第四级的零零碎碎全串起来了:“我睡了三个小时的觉”“我排了半个小时的队”“他们昨天结婚了”“他结过婚”,都是同一个动作。要记住“觉”在“睡觉”里念 jiào,不念 jué。哪些词是离合词,只能一个一个记:见面、帮忙、睡觉、结婚、请客、排队、聊天、跳舞、生气。它们在词典里是一个词,在句子里常常是两半。
This one rule ties together everything level 4 showed you piecemeal. Note the reading: the 觉 of 睡觉 is jiào, not jué. Which words are 离合词 has to be learned item by item — 见面, 帮忙, 睡觉, 结婚, 请客, 排队, 聊天, 跳舞, 生气. One word in the dictionary, two halves in a sentence.
一步一步 · Step by step
- 睡觉 — 离合词:“睡”是动词,“觉”是宾语
- 睡了觉 — “了”插入当中,不放在整个词后边
- 睡了三个小时的觉 — 时间长短也插入当中
- 我睡了三个小时的觉。 — 整句——“觉”念 jiào
- 帮忙 — 词典里的样子,一个词
- 帮他的忙 — 要说帮谁,人插入当中
- 帮了他一个忙 — “了”和数量一起插入
- 帮帮忙 — 重叠是AAB:只重叠“帮”