课程Level 10 · 动词与补语 → 课 12

Level 10 · Lesson 12

趋向补语
Directional complements

来和去跟在动词后边说方向,方向是从说话人站的地方算的。

来 and 去 after a verb say which way the action goes — measured from where the speaker stands.

你已经会了 · You already know this

第五级你就会说“请进来”“我可以进去吗?”“站起来”“说下去”。这些句子里,来和去都跟在别的动词后边,说的不是动作本身,而是动作往哪儿走。上一课的结果补语说动作的结果,这一课的补语说动作的方向,所以叫趋向补语。

请进来, 我可以进去吗, 站起来 and 说下去 have been yours since level 5. In all of them 来 and 去 follow another verb and add not the action but its direction. Where last lesson's complement gave the result, this one gives the path — hence the name 趋向补语.

规则 · The rules

动词 + 来/去是简单趋向补语:朝着说话人是来,离开说话人是去。
规则 1
他进来了。他出去了。你上来吧。我下去。
Toward the speaker is 来, away from the speaker is 去.

选来还是选去,不看方向本身,只看说话人站在哪儿。你在教室里,同学在门外,你说请进来;你在门外,你说我可以进去吗。同一个动作,站的地方不同,用的字就不同。这就是位移的方向由说话人决定。

The choice does not depend on the direction in the world, only on where the speaker is. Inside the room you say 请进来; outside it you say 我可以进去吗. One and the same movement, two different words, decided by where you are standing when you speak.

进、出、上、下、回、过、起加来或去,合成复合趋向补语。
规则 2
走进来、拿出去、跑回来、站起来
A path word plus 来/去 makes a two-syllable complement: 进来, 出去, 回来, 起来 and the rest.

复合趋向补语有两层意思:进、出、上、下、回、过说路线,来、去说朝着谁。所以走进来和走进去路线一样,方向不一样。要注意一个空缺:起只跟来,没有起去这个说法。

A compound complement carries two layers: 进, 出, 上, 下, 回, 过 give the route, and 来 or 去 give the facing. 走进来 and 走进去 share a route and differ in facing. One gap to note: 起 pairs only with 来 — there is no 起去.

宾语是处所的时候,一定放在来/去的前边;宾语是一般事物的时候,前边后边都可以。
规则 3
他走进教室来了。他拿出一本书来。他拿出来一本书。
A place object must sit between the two halves; a thing object may sit on either side.

处所宾语的位置没有选择:说他走进教室来了,不说“他走进来教室”。事物宾语两边都行:他拿出一本书来,他拿出来一本书,意思一样。回家、上楼这样的说法也一样:我回家去了,我上楼来了。

A place object has no freedom: 他走进教室来了, never 他走进来教室. A thing object is free — 他拿出一本书来 and 他拿出来一本书 mean the same. The same holds for 回家 and 上楼: 我回家去了, 我上楼来了.

趋向补语常常引申,不再说位移:起来表示开始,下去表示继续。
规则 4
我想起来了。请说下去。车停下来了。天气热起来了。
Beyond real movement: 起来 starts something up, 下去 keeps it going, 下来 brings it to rest.

这些引申的意思也不难懂,因为方向还在里边:想起来是把东西从记忆里拉上来,说下去是顺着已经走的路再走,停下来是从动到静。热起来的主语不是人,也不是东西,而是天气——可见这时候已经完全没有位移了。

The extended senses are easy to feel, because the direction is still inside them: 想起来 pulls something up out of memory, 说下去 carries on along the road already travelled, 停下来 comes from motion to rest. In 天气热起来了 the subject is neither a person nor a thing — by then no movement is left at all.

一步一步 · Step by step

造出“他走进教室来了”
  1. 他走。 — 只有动词
  2. 他走进来了。 — 进来:复合趋向补语,说话人在教室里
  3. 他走进教室来了。 — 处所宾语放在进和来中间
  4. 他走进教室去了。 — 说话人在外边,来换成去
造出“那个字我想起来了”
  1. 我想。 — 动词
  2. 我想起来了。 — 起来引申:从记忆里上来
  3. 那个字我想起来了。 — 话题放在句子最前边

练习 · Practice

你在教室里,同学站在门外,你说: You are inside the classroom; your classmate is outside the door.
哪句话对? Which sentence is correct?
那个人的名字,我终于想______了。 I've finally remembered that person's name.
排一排。 Arrange: 'He took out a book.'
趋向补语和它的意思 Match each complement to its sense.