经历体：过
Experiential 过

“你去过长城吗？”“我没去过中国。”“我以前去过日本。”这些话你从第四级就会说了。上一课我们看了“了”，今天看它旁边的那个字：“过”。两个都跟在动词后面，都是动态助词，可是它们说的事情很不一样。

你去过长城吗? 我没去过中国. 我以前去过日本. You have had these since level 4. Last lesson took 了 apart; this one takes the character standing next to it — 过. Both follow the verb, both are aspect particles, and they say quite different things.

“过”读轻声，紧跟在动词后面，宾语在它后面。它回答的问题是“有没有这个经历”，不是“什么时候”。所以“我去过北京”不告诉你哪一年去的，只告诉你：这件事在他的经历里有。

过 is toneless and clamps onto the verb, with the object behind it. The question it answers is 'is this in your experience?', not 'when?'. 我去过北京 tells you nothing about which year — only that the trip is on the record.

这一条要跟上一课比着记。“了”和“没”不能同时出现，“过”和“没”却一定同时出现：没有这个经历，也还是在说经历。正反问有两种说法：“你去过北京没有？”和“你去没去过北京？”，当然也可以用“吗”：“你去过北京吗？”

Learn this one against last lesson. 了 and 没 cannot share a verb; 过 and 没 must. Saying you lack an experience is still talking about experience. Two A-not-A shapes are available — 你去过北京没有? and 你去没去过北京? — and 吗 works as always.

这是两个体标记最清楚的分工。“他去了上海”说的是一个动作实现了，人可能还在上海；“他去过上海”说的是一段经历，已经结束了，人现在不在那儿。所以“他去过上海，可是现在在北京”很自然，“他去了上海，可是现在在北京”就有点儿奇怪。

This is the sharpest division of labour between the two markers. 他去了上海 reports a realized departure — he may still be there. 他去过上海 reports a closed experience — he has come back. Hence 他去过上海，可是现在在北京 sounds natural, while the same sentence with 了 sounds odd.

第九级的动量词在这里又出现了：“次”“遍”“趟”都跟在动词后面，数一数这个经历发生了几回。“曾经”是书面一点的词，意思是“以前有过”，后面的动词一般带“过”。要注意“曾经”跟“已经”不一样：“已经”说的是完成，常常跟“了”走。

The verbal classifiers of level 9 come into their own here: 次, 遍 and 趟 follow the verb and count how many times the experience happened. 曾经 is the bookish word for 'once, formerly', and the verb after it normally carries 过. Keep it apart from 已经, which reports completion and travels with 了.