课程Level 9 · 名词与量词 → 课 1

Level 9 · Lesson 1

词类:实词和虚词
Word classes: content and function

汉语的词先分成两大类:有实在意思的实词,和只做语法工作的虚词。

Chinese words split first into 实词, which carry meaning, and 虚词, which only do grammatical work.

你已经会了 · You already know this

你早就会说“我喝茶”“这本书是我的”“你吃饭了吗”。“我、喝、茶、书”这几个词,意思你一听就明白,而且能单独回答问题:谁喝茶?——我。喝什么?——茶。可是“的、了、吗”呢?它们的意思说不清楚,也不能单独回答任何问题;可是把它们拿掉,句子马上就不对了。汉语的词就是照这个分别划分的。

You have long been saying 我喝茶, 这本书是我的, 你吃饭了吗. The words 我, 喝, 茶, 书 mean something you can picture, and each can answer a question on its own: who drinks tea? 我. Drinks what? 茶. But what about 的, 了, 吗? You cannot state their meaning, and none of them can answer a question alone — yet remove them and the sentence collapses. That difference is the first cut Chinese grammar makes.

规则 · The rules

汉语的词按照用法划分成两大类:实词和虚词。
规则 1
“茶”是实词,“吗”是虚词。
Chinese words are sorted by how they behave, not by what they look like — into 实词 and 虚词.

划分的根据是用法,不是长短,也不是笔画。一个词属于哪一类,要看它能站在哪儿、能跟什么词一起用。这是《马氏文通》以后所有汉语语法书的第一步。

The basis of the split is behaviour, not length and not stroke count. Since Chinese has no endings, a word's class shows only in where it can stand and what it can stand next to. Every Chinese grammar since the 马氏文通 begins here.

实词有实在的意思,能单独回答问题,也能单独说出来。
规则 2
喝什么?——茶。谁来了?——老师。
A content word carries meaning and can stand alone as a whole answer.

试一试就知道:有人问“你买什么”,你可以只说“书”;有人问“他在做什么”,你可以只说“吃饭”。这样能单独站住的词,都是实词。

Test it and you will see. Asked 你买什么, you may reply with the single word 书; asked 他在做什么, you may reply 吃饭. Any word that can stand up by itself like that is a 实词.

虚词没有实在的意思,不能单独回答问题,只帮别的词组成句子。
规则 3
“你吃饭了吗?”里的“了”和“吗”都不能单独说。
A function word means nothing on its own; it exists to hold other words together.

虚词虽然小,可是不能少。“我书”不是句子,“我的书”才是;“你吃饭”是说明,“你吃饭吗”才是问句。虚词做的正是这种看不见的工作。

Function words are small but never optional. 我书 is not a phrase, 我的书 is; 你吃饭 is a statement, 你吃饭吗 is a question. That invisible work is exactly what a 虚词 does.

实词有名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词;虚词有介词、连词、助词、语气词。
规则 4
“三本书”里,三是数词,本是量词,书是名词。
The standing inventory: six 实词 classes and four 虚词 classes, each taken up in turn from here to level 11.

有一类词站在中间:副词,比如“很、也、都、就”。它有一点意思,可是不能单独回答问题。有的语法书把副词放在实词里,有的放在虚词里;两种说法都有道理,第十级再细说。

One class sits on the fence: the adverb (很, 也, 都, 就). It has some meaning, yet it cannot answer a question alone. Some grammars file adverbs with the 实词, others with the 虚词, and both have a case. Level 10 takes them up properly.

一步一步 · Step by step

划分“我的朋友也喝茶”
  1. 我的朋友也喝茶。 — 先分词:我 / 的 / 朋友 / 也 / 喝 / 茶
  2. 我、朋友、喝、茶 — 都能单独回答问题 → 实词(代词、名词、动词、名词)
  3. — 不能单独说,只连着“我”和“朋友” → 虚词(助词)
  4. — 副词:站在动词前边,不能单独回答问题
划分“你吃饭了吗?”
  1. 你吃饭了吗? — 先分词:你 / 吃 / 饭 / 了 / 吗
  2. 你、吃、饭 — 有实在的意思 → 实词(代词、动词、名词)
  3. — 只说明事情完成了 → 虚词(助词)
  4. — 只把说明变成问句 → 虚词(语气词)

练习 · Practice

下面哪一个是虚词? Which of these is a function word?
怎么最快地试出一个词是不是实词? What is the quickest test for a content word?
“三本书”里,“本”是________。 In 三本书, what class does 本 belong to?
词和词类 Match each word to its class.