课程 → Level 9 · 名词与量词 → 课 1
Level 9 · Lesson 1 词类:实词和虚词
Word classes: content and function
汉语的词先分成两大类:有实在意思的实词,和只做语法工作的虚词。
Chinese words split first into 实词, which carry meaning, and 虚词, which only do grammatical work.
你已经会了 · You already know this
你早就会说“我喝茶”“这本书是我的”“你吃饭了吗”。“我、喝、茶、书”这几个词,意思你一听就明白,而且能单独回答问题:谁喝茶?——我。喝什么?——茶。可是“的、了、吗”呢?它们的意思说不清楚,也不能单独回答任何问题;可是把它们拿掉,句子马上就不对了。汉语的词就是照这个分别划分的。
You have long been saying 我喝茶, 这本书是我的, 你吃饭了吗. The words 我, 喝, 茶, 书 mean something you can picture, and each can answer a question on its own: who drinks tea? 我. Drinks what? 茶. But what about 的, 了, 吗? You cannot state their meaning, and none of them can answer a question alone — yet remove them and the sentence collapses. That difference is the first cut Chinese grammar makes.
规则 · The rules
划分的根据是用法,不是长短,也不是笔画。一个词属于哪一类,要看它能站在哪儿、能跟什么词一起用。这是《马氏文通》以后所有汉语语法书的第一步。
The basis of the split is behaviour, not length and not stroke count. Since Chinese has no endings, a word's class shows only in where it can stand and what it can stand next to. Every Chinese grammar since the 马氏文通 begins here.
试一试就知道:有人问“你买什么”,你可以只说“书”;有人问“他在做什么”,你可以只说“吃饭”。这样能单独站住的词,都是实词。
Test it and you will see. Asked 你买什么, you may reply with the single word 书; asked 他在做什么, you may reply 吃饭. Any word that can stand up by itself like that is a 实词.
虚词虽然小,可是不能少。“我书”不是句子,“我的书”才是;“你吃饭”是说明,“你吃饭吗”才是问句。虚词做的正是这种看不见的工作。
Function words are small but never optional. 我书 is not a phrase, 我的书 is; 你吃饭 is a statement, 你吃饭吗 is a question. That invisible work is exactly what a 虚词 does.
有一类词站在中间:副词,比如“很、也、都、就”。它有一点意思,可是不能单独回答问题。有的语法书把副词放在实词里,有的放在虚词里;两种说法都有道理,第十级再细说。
One class sits on the fence: the adverb (很, 也, 都, 就). It has some meaning, yet it cannot answer a question alone. Some grammars file adverbs with the 实词, others with the 虚词, and both have a case. Level 10 takes them up properly.
一步一步 · Step by step
- 我的朋友也喝茶。 — 先分词:我 / 的 / 朋友 / 也 / 喝 / 茶
- 我、朋友、喝、茶 — 都能单独回答问题 → 实词(代词、名词、动词、名词)
- 的 — 不能单独说,只连着“我”和“朋友” → 虚词(助词)
- 也 — 副词:站在动词前边,不能单独回答问题
- 你吃饭了吗? — 先分词:你 / 吃 / 饭 / 了 / 吗
- 你、吃、饭 — 有实在的意思 → 实词(代词、动词、名词)
- 了 — 只说明事情完成了 → 虚词(助词)
- 吗 — 只把说明变成问句 → 虚词(语气词)