课程 → Level 7 · 语法之门 → 课 10
Level 7 · Lesson 10 用语法看你会的句子
Looking at your own sentences
拿五个你早就会说的句子，用这几课的术语看一遍。
Take sentences you already say and describe each one in the new metalanguage — the method of the whole second arc.
读 · Read
这几课从头到尾只做了一件事：给你一套术语。你早就会说“他跑得很快”，可是以前你说不出这个句子里有什么；现在你能说出来了。这就是这几课全部的收获——不是多会说了几句话，而是多了一副眼睛。下面我们把这副眼睛用一次。
From beginning to end this level has done exactly one thing: hand you a set of technical terms. You could already say 他跑得很快 before it started. What you could not do was say anything about that sentence — and now you can. That is the whole gain here. Not a few more sentences in your mouth, but a second pair of eyes. Let us use them once, carefully, on sentences that are already yours.
讲解 · Explanation
第一个句子：他跑得很快。汉字五个：他、跑、得、很、快。词也是五个，每个词正好一个字——这种句子少见，多数句子里字比词多。音节也是五个，声调是第一声、第三声、第三声、第四声，中间的“得”不带声调，读得又轻又短。部首：他是单人旁，跑是足字旁，得和很都是双人旁，快是竖心旁。结构上，“得”只能站在“跑”后边，“很”只能站在“快”前边；把任何一个词挪开，句子就不成立了。
Sentence one: 他跑得很快. Five characters — 他, 跑, 得, 很, 快. Five words too, one character each; that is unusual, since most sentences have more characters than words. Five syllables, tones 1, 3, 3, 4, with 得 in the middle carrying no tone at all, read light and short. Components: 他 has the person element, 跑 the foot element, 得 and 很 share the same left-hand element, 快 has the heart element. And structurally, 得 can only stand after 跑 and 很 can only stand before 快. Move any one word and the sentence stops being a sentence.
第二个句子：我朋友是老师。汉字六个，词只有四个：我、朋友、是、老师。“朋”和“友”单独都不是一个词，合起来才是；“老师”也一样。这就是前面说过的：字是写下来的一个音节，词才是有意思的一块。汉语的词大部分是两个字的，所以数汉字和数词，得到的数常常不一样。
Sentence two: 我朋友是老师. Six characters, but only four words — 我, 朋友, 是, 老师. Neither 朋 nor 友 is a word by itself; only together are they one. Same with 老师. This is the point made earlier in the level: a 字 is one written syllable, while a 词 is one block of meaning. Most Chinese words are two characters long, so counting characters and counting words normally give you two different numbers.
第三个句子：桌子上有一本书。这里有一个词特别值得看：“本”。它不能拿掉——“有一书”是错的；也不能换位置——“一书本”还是错的。它只出现在数目和东西中间，而且东西换了，它也得换：一本书、一张桌子、一只猫。一个词能站在哪儿、能跟什么搭配，就是它的词性。汉语的词写出来永远是那个样子，不会加东西也不会变，所以词性全靠位置和搭配看出来。这些类叫什么名字，第二部分会一个一个地讲。
Sentence three: 桌子上有一本书. One word here repays close attention: 本. It cannot be dropped — 有一书 is wrong. It cannot be moved — 一书本 is wrong too. It appears only between a number and a thing, and when the thing changes it must change with it: 一本书, 一张桌子, 一只猫. Where a word may stand and what it may combine with is its 词性. A Chinese word never changes shape — nothing is added to it, nothing falls off — so its class shows only in position and combination. What these classes are called is Arc B's business, one class at a time.
规则 · The rules
生词 · Vocabulary
| 词 | Meaning | 注 · Note |
|---|---|---|
| 说明 | to spell out, explain; an explanation | 说明每个词做什么 |
| 术语 | technical term | 部首、音节、词性都是术语 |
| 归纳 | to generalise a rule from examples | 从例子归纳规则 |
| 掌握 | to master, get a firm grip on | 掌握一条规则 |
| 分析 | to analyse; analysis | 本级第一课学过 |
练习 · Practice
用一用 · Use it
现在轮到你了。从前面学过的课里挑五个你最熟的句子——问路的、点菜的、跟朋友约时间的都行——写在纸上，每个句子回答四个问题：几个汉字？几个词？几个音节，声调是什么？哪个词不能挪、不能去掉？答完这五个句子，你就已经在做第二部分的事了。你掌握的不是新句子，是看句子的办法。
Your turn. Pick five sentences you know cold from earlier levels — asking directions, ordering food, fixing a time with a friend — write them out, and answer four questions about each. How many characters? How many words? How many syllables, and what tones? Which word cannot be moved or removed? Once you have done that five times you are already doing what Arc B does. What you have mastered is not new sentences; it is a way of looking at the ones you already have.